France’s minority government has survived a no-confidence vote, two weeks after taking office, getting over the first hurdle placed by left-wing lawmakers to bring down new conservative Prime Minister Michel Barnier.

Voting for a no-confidence motion at this stage would be “premature,” Guillaume Bigot, a National Rally lawmaker, told the National Assembly, after bragging that “a single tweet by Marine Le Pen” was enough to force Mr. Barnier’s hand.