Machine learning (ML) is widely applied in a variety of applications. Despite its great success, it is commonly developed in closed-environment scenarios where some important factors of the learning ...

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) aims to improve performance by exploiting unlabeled data when labels are scarce. Conventional SSL studies typically assume close environments where important factors ...

Classroom learning environments encompass the physical, social and instructional contexts in which teaching and learning occur. These environments range from traditional face-to-face classrooms to ...