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Alien life on Mars or Europa could survive off cosmic rays instead of the sun, scientists suggest

Electrons released when cosmic rays strike water-ice can provide energy for microbes and facilitate the formation of complex ...
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Earth’s deep-sea microbes could hold the key to finding life on Europa

Earth’s deep-sea hydrothermal vents provide a model for understanding how life could exist on Europa. Holden’s team is studying how vent microbes generate energy using hydrogenases to predict what ...